Types of Website Buyers and their Impact on Your Bottom Line :: Sell Websites Buy Websites

Types of Website Buyers and their Impact on Your Bottom LineReprinted with permission of VotanWeb.comDifferent types of website emptors shake different objectives and levels of experience. Knowing these differences potbelly uphold you in getting the deal you want. As you begin your discussions with potential purchasers, its authorized to keep in mind that their goals and objectives nooky vary greatly. In general, website buyers give the bounce be classified into three major categories strategic companies (both frequent and clandestine), Private Investment Groups, and individual investors. Each website buyer type presents a unique behave of advantages and disadvantages that can have great impact on the ultimate outcome of the sale. Understanding these differences can help you, both in your negotiations and in finding the top hat buyer to meet your personal goals. Strategic CompaniesAcquisitions by strategic buyers are generally driven by potential synergies between the acq uirer and the target area entity. For example, you whitethorn have a website that offers a product or service that is highly complementary to their product or service offering. Or, you may have an established website in a certain niche market that the acquirer has had difficulty penetrating. This focus on synergistic value may result in higher offers from this buyer sort than from others, since the operational efficiencies that are created can provide immediate higher profitability and a more rapid return on investment for the buyer. frequent and private strategic buyers differ in that the liquid market for public guild shares may create a more aggressive valuation for public firms everyplace those that are private. This may allow the publicly traded union to pay a premium price for your website, especially if youre willing to accept an all carry transaction. The company structure after the sale may also differ with a sale to a strategic buyer. For instance, unless management is viewed as absolutely decisive to maintaining company performance, these buyers generally dont require that the active, selling shareholders remain with the company much past a short transition period (generally six months to a year). Also, depending upon the sizing of the target and the logistics involved, the buyer will oftentimes completely absorb the target company into its current operations, making the ability to relocate the target company an important consideration. An supererogatory consideration for strategic buyers is the clarity of historical corporate records. Large buyers are particularly sensitive to possible liabilities (licensing issues, outstanding contracts, taxes, etc.Types of Website Buyers and their Impact on Your Bottom Line Sell Websites Buy WebsitesTypes of Website Buyers and their Impact on Your Bottom LineReprinted with permission of VotanWeb.comDifferent types of website buyers have different objectives and levels of experience. Knowing these diffe rences can help you in getting the deal you want. As you begin your discussions with potential buyers, its important to keep in mind that their goals and objectives can vary greatly. In general, website buyers can be classified into three major categories strategic companies (both public and private), Private Investment Groups, and individual investors. Each website buyer type presents a unique set of advantages and disadvantages that can have great impact on the ultimate outcome of the sale. Understanding these differences can help you, both in your negotiations and in finding the best buyer to meet your personal goals. Strategic CompaniesAcquisitions by strategic buyers are generally driven by potential synergies between the acquirer and the target entity. For example, you may have a website that offers a product or service that is highly complementary to their product or service offering. Or, you may have an established website in a certain niche market that the acquirer has had difficulty penetrating. This focus on synergistic value may result in higher offers from this buyer group than from others, since the operational efficiencies that are created can provide immediate higher profitability and a more rapid return on investment for the buyer. Public and private strategic buyers differ in that the liquid market for public company shares may create a more aggressive valuation for public firms over those that are private. This may allow the publicly traded company to pay a premium price for your website, especially if youre willing to accept an all stock transaction. The company structure after the sale may also differ with a sale to a strategic buyer. For instance, unless management is viewed as absolutely critical to maintaining company performance, these buyers generally dont require that the active, selling shareholders remain with the company much past a short transition period (generally six months to a year). Also, depending upon the size of the targ et and the logistics involved, the buyer will oftentimes completely absorb the target company into its current operations, making the ability to relocate the target company an important consideration. An additional consideration for strategic buyers is the clarity of historical corporate records. Large buyers are particularly sensitive to possible liabilities (licensing issues, outstanding contracts, taxes, etc.

A Brush Stroke With Air :: Research Papers

A Brush Stroke With Air The history of the airbrush dates back further than most wad imagine. Prehistoric man created roughly of the first airbrushed images on the cave walls of Lascaux and Pech-Merle in southern France over 35,000 years ago by blowing pigment through a hollow pipe probably made of bone.More Early History The latest findings indicate that Abner Peeler was the actual inventor of the modern airbrush in the year 1878. Peeler described his invention as a paint distributor. While the Walkup brothers ( Liberty & Charles ) promoted and manufactured the airbrush, Peeler is credited with refining and improving the airbrush. In 1889, Charles Burdick made significant improvements to the function and design of the airbrush. This led to his invention of the internal mix airbrush. Thayer and Chandler began manufacturing an internal mix airbrush in 1893. After several changes, the 2 file a patent for what will be known as the modern airbrush. Its patented feature s include a trigger mechanism that is attached to a valve used to control the airflow and a replaceable tip. Just one month after its invention, he had made the first airbrush generate ever. Three years later, in 1881, Mr. Peeler sold his invention, the world rights and his patents to Liberty Walkup for $700.00. In 1883, the Rockford Airbrush Company was founded by Walkup to manufacture and promote the first airbrush to the public. Further findings indicate that Peeler helped make two improvements to the airbrush for which he was paid $150.00. Liberty Walkup claims he was working on an airbrush at the alike time as Peeler however, he never seemed to be involved with inventing in any capacity while Peeler was a life-long inventor of some note. (Paschal 8) The modern airbrush was invented as a direct result of the popularity of re-rendered photographs. The airbrush can simulate the feel of a photograph due to its ability to crop-dusting very fine dots and to develop an image without brushstrokes. During the late 1890s, sepia-rendered photographs became so popular that the demand for color re-renderings led to sweat-shop-type employment for airbrush technicians. In some instances, up to one hundred technicians were employed to retouch and color photographs. The studio was set up in a Rubens-like manner, in which each technician dealt with only one cross segment of the entire composition i.

The Anatomy of Abuse Essay -- essays research papers

The Anatomy of AbuseWhile this paper cannot be a definitive guide to the character of the abuser, the victims relationship with the abuser and societies part in encouraging gender bias, I hope it impart add to the pool of knowledge. It is my hope that, at least in a small way, this paper will be an aid towards helping us all understand the nature of domestic abuse and those who perpetrate or encourage it.George Rolph. London 2004.The abusers -- Actors in disguise.First and foremost abusers are actors. It makes no difference what gender the disgraceful personality is, their primary skill is to emulate principle behaviour in order to disguise their own condition.I have spoken to umpteen victims of abuse who say that the person they met and fell in eff with gradually changed into a monster. This is often one of the most confusing and distressing aspects of abuse from the victims point of view. It is also a situation that the abuser will make for with varying degrees of vicious sk ill. While it is impossible to be specific on these subjects in every case, careful observation and research have uncovered authorized general consistencies I want to discuss here. The question is what is going on in the abusers mind that causes them to suddenly, or gradually, become abusive to their new partner?It appears that the abusive personality has learned, by observation and by mimicry of those around them, how to give every appearance of normality and stability for often quite extended periods of time. This pith that they are able to convince new partners that they are really charming, wonderful people who should be trusted and are worthy of love and care. This act is prospering to maintain in certain social situations and where the abuser has minimal contact with others in an average day. For example, in a work situation where he/she will be in contact with others for a maximum of eight hours per day. Another social situation may be one of casual friendships made in pub s and clubs. Under these conditions the actor (abuser) need only be convincing as a normal person for a minimum amount of time. This is why many friends of the abuser find it hard to believe that the person they think they know could be capable of such barbarity within a long endpoint relationship. In the case of female abusers, this difficulty is compounded by social and political myths that see females only as victi... ...Men and boys are subjected to massive amounts of disfavor in everything from education provision medical cancer research (breast versus testicular for example) housing provision Divorce the right to bring up their children alone tremendously insulting articles newspaper stories and books job security issues as a result of so-called positive discrimination discriminatory advertising on the television despise speech political discrimination legal rights and censorship of the male point of view in the media. If men complain about this they are ridiculed and cal led whiners sometimes by other so-called men in the media but, most often, by radical feminist media spokesmen. This prejudice has led to an explosion of single mothers and the most confused and dishonored generation of children our country has ever known. Will someone please tell me the benefits of this utopian radical feminist, left wing view of modern society? * For a great cautionary tale of statistics and their manipulation go to this page on the Web http//www.ifeminists.net/introduction/editorials/2004/0324.htmlCopyright George Rolph. April 2004Founder of No More Silence.Contact grolph()no-more-silence.org

Def of philosophy :: essays research papers

doctrine Phi*los"o*phy, n. pl. Philosophies. OE. philosophie, F. philosophie, L. philosophia, from Gr. ?. See Philosopher. 1. Literally, the love of, including the search after, wisdom in actual usage, the knowledge of phenomena as explained by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and laws.Note When utilise to any particular segment of knowledge, philosophy denotes the general laws or principles under which all the subordinate phenomena or facts relating to that subject argon comprehended. Thus philosophy, when applied to God and the divine government, is called theology when applied to material objects, it is called physics when it treats of man, it is called anthropology and psychology, with which are connected logic and ethics when it treats of the necessity conceptions and relations by which philosophy is possible, it is called metaphysics.Note Philosophy has been defined tionscience of things divine and human, and the causes in which they are contained -- the science of effects by their causes -- the science of sufficient reasons -- the science of things possible, inasmuch as they are possible -- the science of things evidently deduced from first principles -- the science of truths advised and abstract -- the application of reason to its legitimate objects -- the science of the relations of all knowledge to the necessary ends of human reason -- the science of the original form of the ego, or mental self -- the science of science -- the science of the absolute -- the scienceof the absolute indifference of the sublime and real. --Sir W. Hamilton.2. A particular philosophical system or surmise the hypothesis by which particular phenomena are explained.Books of Aristotle and his philosophie. --Chaucer.We shall in vain interpret their words by the notions of our philosophy and the doctrines in our school. --Locke.3. Practical wisdom calmness of sense of humour and judgment equanimity fortitude stoicism as, to meet misfortune with philosop hy.Then had he pass all his philosophy. --Chaucer.4. Reasoning argumentation.Of good and evil much they argued then, . . . swollen-headed wisdom all, and false philosophy. --Milton.5. The course of sciences read in the schools.Def of philosophy essays research papers philosophy Phi*los"o*phy, n. pl. Philosophies. OE. philosophie, F. philosophie, L. philosophia, from Gr. ?. See Philosopher. 1. Literally, the love of, including the search after, wisdom in actual usage, the knowledge of phenomena as explained by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and laws.Note When applied to any particular department of knowledge, philosophy denotes the general laws or principles under which all the subordinate phenomena or facts relating to that subject are comprehended. Thus philosophy, when applied to God and the divine government, is called theology when applied to material objects, it is called physics when it treats of man, it is called anthropology and psychology, with whic h are connected logic and ethics when it treats of the necessary conceptions and relations by which philosophy is possible, it is called metaphysics.Note Philosophy has been defined tionscience of things divine and human, and the causes in which they are contained -- the science of effects by their causes -- the science of sufficient reasons -- the science of things possible, inasmuch as they are possible -- the science of things evidently deduced from first principles -- the science of truths sensible and abstract -- the application of reason to its legitimate objects -- the science of the relations of all knowledge to the necessary ends of human reason -- the science of the original form of the ego, or mental self -- the science of science -- the science of the absolute -- the scienceof the absolute indifference of the ideal and real. --Sir W. Hamilton.2. A particular philosophical system or theory the hypothesis by which particular phenomena are explained.Books of Aristotle and h is philosophie. --Chaucer.We shall in vain interpret their words by the notions of our philosophy and the doctrines in our school. --Locke.3. Practical wisdom calmness of temper and judgment equanimity fortitude stoicism as, to meet misfortune with philosophy.Then had he spent all his philosophy. --Chaucer.4. Reasoning argumentation.Of good and evil much they argued then, . . . Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy. --Milton.5. The course of sciences read in the schools.

Grammar and the Role of Writing Center Tutors as Teachers of Grammar :: Teaching Writing Grammer Education

Grammar and the Role of Writing Center Tutors as Teachers of GrammarCommunication in any form requires a protocol. The evolution of language from sounds into words is proof of that. People recognized that in order for 2 people to understand each other, they must have a common code that will allow each one to transmit and receive signals accurately. If the word red signified two different colors to two different people, for example, then there would be a breakdown of communication. Language has grown complex over time and in its current form, it enables enjoymentrs to communicate with clearcutness and nuance. In the English language, specifically, the import of what is communicated depends not only on the words chosen, but also on where those words ar placed and how they are modified. Semantics studies meaning and interpretation of words. This is separate from syntax, which deals with the physical location of a word (or other element of language) within a sentence (or other lingu istic construct). Today, we usually use grammar and syntax interchangeably, although syntax is a subset of grammar. Within the context of Writing Centers, this is acceptable, because when the issue of grammar comes up, it is always a matter of syntax we never, for example, deal with phonology, which is also a subset of grammar. However, semantic issues are sometimes labeled grammatical issues, which is not correct. One might argue that what we call these issues does not matter so long as they are dealt with appropriately. In truth, it does matter, because by lumping semantic issues together with syntactic issues makes grammatical issues as a whole a larger issue, which is undesirable because grammar is already a more feared and religiously avoided area. I imagine a small, dark closet labeled Grammar, in an obscure part of the house that represents all the issues that Writing Centers deal with. Into the Grammar closet, students and tutors kindred throw in several issuesactual gram mar, but also semantics and miscellaneous quirks of the languageand then shut the door. Over time, the inside of the closet becomes dusty and obscure, remote as well something to be both feared and ignored. Come spring, nobody wants to be responsible for cleaning the grammar closet. Sadly, with the desire to focus on critical sentiment in papers (i.e. content), those who plan Expository Writing classes or provide tutoring for it have gone from saying, Critical thinking is the primary focus to saying Critical thinking is the only focus.

Grammar and the Role of Writing Center Tutors as Teachers of Grammar :: Teaching Writing Grammer Education

Grammar and the Role of indite Center Tutors as Teachers of GrammarCommunication in any form requires a protocol. The evolution of language from sounds into words is make of that. People recognized that in order for two people to understand each other, they must have a common code that will leave alone each one to transmit and receive signals accurately. If the word red signified two different colors to two different people, for example, then there would be a breakdown of communication. Language has grown complex over time and in its current form, it enables users to communicate with precision and nuance. In the English language, specifically, the meaning of what is communicated depends not only on the words chosen, but also on where those words are placed and how they are modified. Semantics studies meaning and interpretation of words. This is separate from syntax, which deals with the physical placement of a word (or other element of language) within a sentence (or other lingui stic construct). Today, we usually use grammar and syntax interchangeably, although syntax is a subset of grammar. inside the context of Writing Centers, this is acceptable, because when the issue of grammar comes up, it is always a matter of syntax we never, for example, deal with phonology, which is also a subset of grammar. However, semantic issues are sometimes labeled grammatic issues, which is not correct. One might argue that what we call these issues does not matter so long as they are dealt with appropriately. In truth, it does matter, because by lumping semantic issues together with syntactic issues makes grammatical issues as a whole a larger issue, which is undesirable because grammar is already a much feared and religiously avoided area. I imagine a small, dark closet labeled Grammar, in an obscure part of the house that represents all the issues that Writing Centers deal with. Into the Grammar closet, students and tutors alike throw in several issues certain grammar, but also semantics and miscellaneous quirks of the languageand then shut the door. Over time, the inside of the closet becomes dusty and obscure, inaccessible as well something to be twain feared and ignored. Come spring, nobody wants to be responsible for cleaning the grammar closet. Sadly, with the desire to focus on critical thinking in papers (i.e. content), those who plan Expository Writing classes or provide tutoring for it have gone from saying, Critical thinking is the primary focus to saying Critical thinking is the only focus.

Case Study of Negligence

Duty of cargon Issue Does defendant (David or the Bright Smiles Dental Surgery) owned trading of concern to complainant (Tony)? Rules * The neighbour principle In Donoghue v Stevenson1, Lord Atkin concluded that we all owe a duty of portion out to our neighbors, meaning those persons who we should generate in listen when we are contemplating actions that we take as we go about our business and private lives. * Neighbour Defined My neighbors are persons who are so closely and directly change by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question. Foreseeability For an action in negligence to succeed, it must be callable that the act (or omission) of the defendant could cause harm to the plaintiff. The bear witness is atomic number 53 of commonsense foreseeability, which is an objective. * Proximity There must be some relationship between the parties for the duty to exi st. In other words, proximity that requires care to be interpreted must exist. covering As Tony was having the surgery in the Bright Smiles Dental Surgery, therefore, whatever leave happen based on the surgery, it should be the duty of care of the Bright Smiles Dental Surgery.Be more specific, David is employed there as a full-time dentist and he was the one who attached the artificial teeth by strong dental gum instead of the way which recommended by leading(a) dentists. If David did not change the way of attach the teeth, Tony would never get a intense infection caused by the regularity of suit of the artificial teeth. closing Applying the neighbour principle and reasonable foreseeability, David or the Bright Smiles Dental Surgery do owed the duty of care of Tony.And it is foreseeable that the act of the defendant, which may be David or the Bright Smiles Dental Surgery, could cause harm to the plaintiff, which is Tony. Breaching that duty of care Issue Does the defendant (David or the Bright Smiles Dental Surgery) breach his duty of care? Rule * Reasonable person-Standard of care the standard person would have foreseen harm in the circumstances and would have taken steps to baffle it. The defendant will be in breach of their duty if reasonable steps are not taken to prevent foreseeable harm.The test is an objective one what a reasonable person thinks. * Weighting test 1. The likelihood of injury If the risk of injury is minimal, there will be no breach of the duty of care. 2. Gravity of injury if occurring The seriousness of whatever resulting injury 3. Steps needed to remove the risk The steps indispensable to eliminate the risk 4. Benefit (social utility) of the defendants conduct The social utility of the defendants conduct must be weighed against the gravity of the risk. ApplicationAs Davids conduct is measured against the reasonable person who should told Tony there was a risk to use the dental glue . It is possible that David get hurt from the dental glue and the surgery. The gravity of injury is quite serious as his teeth fell out of the new desk while he was on TV presenting the evening news. afterwards he got home his whole mouth was aching and he complained of severe pain in the gap left by extraction. For the steps to eliminate the risk, David should foresee the harm which caused by the dental glue and the possible consequence might cause.Last but not least, there is no benefit (social utility) of the defendants conduct. In fact, David could transfer Tony to his other workmate if he is not familiar with the way which suggested by the leading dentist. However, David chose to do it by using the strong glue which causes all the malign. decision Hence, David did breach the duty of care of Tony as he was the reasonable person who should foresee the disability and it is easy to eliminate the damage. LOSS OR DAMAGE FOLLOING FROM plunder OF DUTY IssueWas Plaintiff (Tony)s damage the direct result of defendant (David or the Bright Smiles Dental Surgery) breach? Rules * Causation (but for test) But for the conduct of defendant, would the damage have been suffered? The test was explained well by Lord Denning in Cork v. Kirby Maclean Ltd (1952) 2 ALL ER 402 at 407 , as follows If you can severalize that the damage would not have happened but for a particular disgrace, then that dent is in fact a cause of the damage but if you can say that the damage would have happened solely the same fault or no fault, then the fault is not a cause of the damage.If there is more than one cause of the damage the but for test will have limited application. In such case the courts will use a balance of probabilities test in determining causation. * Remoteness of damage (reasonable foreseeable test, the test is objective) would a reasonable person have foreseen the damage? * Assessment of insurance the aim of damages is to compensate the plaintiff for the loss or damage that flowed from the defendants breach of duty of care owed.Such loss or damages is quantified by the strain hearing the case to compensate the plaintiff not only for their actual loss but for their future potential loss as well. Application by and by diagnosing of Tonys mouth, it was certified that there was a severe infection in Tonys gum that was shown in tests to be caused by the method of fitting of the artificial teeth. In fact, as David decided to use the dental glue, instead of the traditional method that was recommended by the leading dentist.And David, who is the reasonable person, owned the duty of care of Tony. According to the fact, Tony not only suffers variety of physical damage but also physiological damage. He became depressed due to his appearance and loss of work, and is eyesight a counsellor for therapy who suggested him to go for a holiday. Therefore, he had suffered the medical and dental expense total $ 14, 000, loss of wages $ 12,000, and counselling$1,800. And the cost of trip is $ 5,000. Conclus ion Therefore, Tonys damage directly resulted from David breach of duty of care.If He in civil proceedings is successful, a remedy will be rewarded as salary of dental expense $ 14, 000, loss of wages $ 12,000, and counselling$1,800. And the cost of trip is $ 5,000. What is more, he could DEFENCES TO AN ACTION IN NEGLIGENCE Issue Are there any defense teams available to defendant (David or the Bright Smiles Dental Surgery)? Rules Defences to an action in negligence * Contributory negligence It occurs where the plaintiff can be held partly to lodge for the loss sustained as result of a failure to take reasonable care against a foreseeable risk of injury.This rule has been modified by statue in Section 26 of the Wrong Act 1958 3(Vic. ) Where any person suffers damages as the result partly of his own fault and partly of the fault of any other person or persons, a claim in respect of that damage shall not be defeated by reason of the fault of the person suffering the damage, but the d amage recoverable in respect thereof shall be reduced to such extent as the court thinks just and equitable having regard to the claimants share in the responsibility for the damage. Voluntary assumption of risk if a person assumes the risk of injury voluntarily, this is complete defence to a claim of negligence. It is difficult defence to rise as it must be proved that the plaintiff was aware of the risk and accepted that risk freely. Application After checking Tonys x-rays, David extracted the teeth and put the artificial teeth in place. However, David was not familiar with the accepted method of attaching artificial teeth recommended by leading dentists and instead attached them by way of strong dental glue.However, it was David determined to use the strong dental glue instead of the method recommended by the leading dentist. On the other side, Tony should figure out that his method is different from the one which recommended by the leading dentist, and he should do some more con sulting of the new method which was going to be used in his surgery. Conclusion Therefore, Tony did contribute to his damage as he did not check his new method which causes the inflection and get on damage.

American Culture v. Nicaraguan Culture

A lot of people recognize that Nicaragua and the unify States argon devil different countries, entirely they dont re all(prenominal)y know how different they truly atomic number 18. The health c ar system, the education, lifestyle and human pays in Nicaragua are very different from the United States. Nicaragua is located in Central America and is known for having active volcanoes and sharks swimming in fresh water, scarce Nicaragua is also known for being the third wretchedest clownish in the world and a country who has suffered many wars, catastrophic earthquakes and devastating hurricanes. near Nicaragua people dont live an extravagant life, some of them dont permit access to healthcare, and poverty is very overmuch Nicaragua biggest enemy and an impediment towards a much brighter future. The United States is a country known for its independence, freedom and perhaps power. United States is a country where equal opportunities are respected, people can study what they li ke, well-behaved services are given, and everyone enjoys life with a purpose of becoming successful while achieving many personal goals.The American inhalation may not necessarily be fame, wealth or a avis home but a good education, access to healthcare and the freedom to practice any religion you want or none at all. In the United States there are no limitations, people can dream big, people can find their true identities without being criticized or beaten down and people dont have to pay their debts with Jail time but sooner they are giving the opportunity to file bankruptcy and start all over again.The health care in Nicaragua is under-funded with many limitations, vulnerable to epidemic outbreaks, poor quality of care, staff shortages in remote clinics, difficult access to medications, under-equipped hospitals, there is lack of quality service and advance medical checkup equipment. The hospitals are not hearty maintained and hygiene practices are not strictly followed so pe ople can acquire infections or other sicknesses while at the hospital. Doctors and nurses receive engage that just now cover their most basic necessities of life and sick people are often sent home without being able to receive handling, fill or speak to a doctor.I remember that at the age of eight I had the worst case of lice, it was so bad and so severe that I was taken to the capital located in Managua, the capitol of Nicaragua, after waiting for hours and hours at the hospital waiting area my grandmother and I never got the chance to adopt a doctor and end up going home. On our vogue home we stopped by a pharmacy and consulted the pharmacist for some treatment against lice, unfortunately the pharmacy did not have anything that my grandmother could afford since she only had 5 CORBAs which in U.S. Dollars is equal to 19 cents. At that point I silent the meaning of being hopeless and limited. The only remedy and the only option my ornamented had was to use a cockroach killer spray that nearly killed me. I am successful to be alive but luckier to know that something like that will never happen in the United States and will never happen to my new-made children. Here in the United States if someone is sick, they are welcome in the hospital at any time and the treatments are available.Nicaragua worry close the accessibility of treatments and medications because most of the time they are not available or are very expensive. The reality is that since health care is limited and under-budget, the healthcare response are underpaid and sometimes they do not provide high quality, compassionate care. Advanced diagnostic methods and machines are missing in almost every hospital in Nicaragua and therefore many diseases and conditions are not properly treated and diagnosed.On the other hand, the United States offers good quality hospitals with high-quality services including proper hygiene practices and advanced medical equipment to everyone which allows proper id entification of diseases this, however, is not free. In fact, it is very expensive and those without insurance will have a very expensive hospital bill but will receive retirement regardless. Nevertheless, there are lots of options that allow people to get treated. For example, Midi-Cal and Medicare are great programs that help individuals get proper health care.In addition, most health care personnel are rise paid and therefore commit to provide a high quality care to all their patients regardless of their financial background. Like the health care system, in Nicaragua you must pay for public education, schools are not well equipped, the majority of students often suffer their own chair to sit and many will struggle with homework for lack of school materials. Teachers in Nicaragua can actually hit the students if they dont do well in class and due to financial struggles many young kids will never get to experience going to school or learn how to read.This meat that there is a lo wer possibility that they can study and earn a degree or dream of having a successful career. Even if a child is able to obtain an education in Nicaragua they may not have the good fortune to get a Job since Jobs in Nicaragua are hard to find. On the contrary in the United States, the education is free in public schools and financial aid is available if you want to attend college. If a student has the money or the help to pay for college, they can study some(prenominal) they want. Americans have the freedom to apply to any Job they want and wherever they want.I had a friend that came to the United States over 18 years ago or so, she is also from Nicaragua and can actually tell you what poverty really is. She valued to be a dental hygienist even though her teeth were not the best looking teeth due to poor dental care in Nicaragua but that did not stopped her. When she arrived in this country she was determined to succeed and go to school. Couple of years ago Gem Toronto, my dear r eined, the Nicaragua girl that barely knew how to spell graduated top of her class as a dental hygienist and her teeth look better than ever.She will always love Nicaragua as much as I do but will forever be grateful to be in the United Sates where her educational goals and dream came true. L, never opinion I would be as lucky as Gem but my determination to learn English and my dream of being a successful legal assistant I accomplished because I live in a country where dreams do come true if you work really hard. Nicaragua are not lucky in the aspects of humans rights because it does not exist for them. Nicaragua lack freedom of expression, they have to be careful of what they say.For example, they cannot express how they feel about their president, Daniel Ortega, if they do they could be beaten or lose their Jobs. People in Nicaragua do not have a right or a saying in the decisions the president makes or the right to know where funds to build new schools or hospitals go. Instead t he government steals from the poor. Even if you vote for a decent candidate to the presidency of Nicaragua the elections are corrupt. I remember one of the former presidents in Nicaragua, Arnold Leman, was stealing o much money from Nicaragua it became so obvious that he was investigated and in deed he was.The sound elections in Nicaragua were a huge scandal since Daniel Ortega was paying people for their votes. In contrast, the United States has freedom for everyone to express themselves and achieve their dream in any way as long as they are not breaking any law. Every citizen can vote for the president they like and express what they think about anyone. Also, there are no secrets about what happens in the country regarding crimes or changes or funds. News about the country or any other countries is apply to everyone who likes to be informedNicaragua and the United States are countries that are so different. The health care system, the education and the human rights are the three main characteristics that a human lives by. Most services in Nicaragua are not free and they are low quality. Nicaragua do not have the guarantee that they will be treated in hospitals like they should be, study what they want, or Just have any rights. The United States does provide accessible access to health care and the services are good and people have equal rights and opportunities.The best part of all about living in the United States is hat you can dream, you can be whatever you want to be, you can speak freely without fear, your opinion counts and you can thrive without limitations. I know that coming to this country was the best decision of my life. I have always dream of obtaining a degree and attend law school and I know I will succeed, Just the simple fact that I can call this country my own makes me feel determine and ready to conquer over any challenges ahead. I will forever love Nicaragua but I am forever thankful to have a beautiful life and a bright future in the U nited States of America.

Evaluation of Literature Reviews of Three Articles Essay

A literature review is a report of information published earlier from books, journals, newspapers, or any veritable articles that immortalise relevance and signifi stubce to the look line of business being conducted. It is not just a summary of knowledge and scholarly opinions on a particular(prenominal) topic by scholars and academic researchers, but it is also a critical analysis of various literatures that seeks to determine what knowledge and ideas are already known that hang as the guide and support to the thesis statement and objective of the research study being conducted (Taylor, 2006).A literature review is the part of an academic research study that helps understand the research problem. From this, it can be viewed that a literature review must have the following criteria (1) shows smorgasbord of ideas, theories and opinions by reviewing the most new-fashioned literatures but also acknowledges grey literatures whenever accepted (e.g. for historical purposes) (2) n ot simply summarizes the literatures available but most importantly, it critically analyzes, describes, and compares such literatures in an organized direction and (3) should address the issues or problems that leads to the achievement of the objectives of the research study being carried out. A good literature review can be best described by analyzing the literature review section of at least terce articles, comparing and contrasting them using the four criteria mentioned above. Article 1 is entitled Integrating pelf and Cash Flows Per Common Share. The article aims to determine the importance of reporting both the earnings per share and the cash stop per share and how such reports can provide information about the financial health of an organization. Article 1s literature review is good because it was able to present various belatedly published studies that show what happened when only the earnings per share was reported, giving emp hasis on the importance of timely reporting both the earnings per share and the cash flow per share that is, it was able to provide a good theoretical framework for the study, helping the authors achieve the articles objective.The authors are aware of the purpose of the study and that the article is intended for accountants, financial analysts, managers and accounting and finance students, thus they were able to review and analyze significant past studies that can address the issue without the need to define technical financial terms. Most of these studies were published novelly, between the years 1997 to 2005, ensuring that the content of the literature review is not outdated for timeliness is important in dealing with technical issues like financial and accounting issues.The review also reflects a diversity of relevant ideas about the topic. However, the literature review is not healthy organized a literature is discussed in a paragraph and the following paragraph discusses another literature without logically correlat ing one from the other as if the following paragraph is for another topic. The authors could have used words such as muchover, for instance, or furthermore that help readers understand clearly the comparisons and relationships between the literatures being reviewed. The next article is entitled Security Returns and the revalue Relevance of bill Data which was published in 1999. The article is very technical in nature that readers without a good background in accounting cannot be able to fully understand the article. In fact the article was presented at the American Accounting acquaintance Doctoral Consortium and at the American Accounting Association/Taiwan Accounting Association First Globalization Conference, which means that the author is very overmuch aware of the audience who will benefit the article. Since it was presented in a conference of professional accountants, the article can be used as an academic fountain for students and other accountants.It aims on determinin g the relationship and relevance between a firms accounting data and the returns it gained. The literatures reviewed present evidences that address this issue and show that accounting data reflect the financial gains, conditions and events in a firm which are important in decision-making.However, the journals used as references are quite old which were actually published between the years 1940 and 1999. It would be better if the authors found and used research studies that have recent and newer ideas about the issue because the more recent the study, the more valuable it tends to be (Literature Review, 2004.). The literature review is also very brief but shows comprehensiveness and organization although it does not show a diversity of opinion because it uses only few literatures. The third article is about human resource management entitled Why people stay using meditate embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover published in 2000. Its literature review section reviews and compares various peer-reviewed journals and academic books that dealt with theories about employee turnover, motivation, job satisfaction, employee attitudes, organizational behavior, and job commitment. Among the three articles, this article is the most organized research study as well as the one having the most diverse ideas and theories, resulting to a very comprehensive review.It uses headings and subheadings to hint changes in topic and subtopics. Its content includes past and current theories, reflecting that the authors acknowledged and effectively integrated these theories to come up with better findings that help achive the objectives of the study. The authors have effectiveley compared and contrasted such theories that resulted to more reliable conclusions. The review is an effective reference to managers, professionals, and various organizations as well as students to be able to have knowledge on employee retention.ReferencesEaston, P. (1999) Security Returns and the Value Relev ance of Accounting Data, Accounting Horizons 134, pp.399-412Literature Review (2004) retrieved online on March 9, 2007 http//library.ups.edu/instruct/ricig/comm105/litreview.htmMitchell, T., Holtom, B., Lee, T., and Erez, M (2000) Why People Stay Using art Embeddedness to Predict Voluntary Turnover Academy of Management Journal, 448 1102-1121Stone, K. and Niemeyer, R. (2005) Integrating Earnings and Cash Flows Per Common Share, The Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research, Fall, 1, 1, Accounting and Tax Periodicals, pp. 63- 76Taylor, Dena (2006) The Literature Review A Few Tips on Conducting It Retrieved online on March 9, 2007 http//www.utoronto.ca/writing/litrev.html

Chinese VS American Parenting

In recent years it has been verbalize that china is far surpassing the join States in terms of education. This raises the problem of the Statesns falling behind in global competitiveness which encompasses in all aspects of a high societys success. There is said to be a major correlation between rise uping styles and the overall countrys competiveness considering education, values, and work ethic is implemented in the home through parenting styles to begin with a chela ever reaches institutionalized schooling.M each persons believe American parenting lacks discipline and structure and believe Americans should adapt a more Chinese style parenting, dapple many other persons believe that Americans should keep with their parenting style to increase global competitiveness. The problem of Americans falling global competiveness can be addressed in several(prenominal) ways however looking specifically at parenting styles affects, it boils down to a solution e actually of keeping the same parenting style, or transferring to a more Chinese parenting style. However an understanding of what a competitive society is, is crucial to objectively find the solution to the problem.A competitive society is based saturnine of 12 pillars agree to the 2012- 2013 Global Competitiveness Report conducted by the World Economic forum. The first nine pillars of the Global Competitiveness Report consist of institutions, infrastructure, the macro-economic environment, market size, business sophistication, frank market efficiency, labor market efficiency, financial market development and technological readiness. These first 9 pillars are all primarily instructioned on the government activity regulations and productivity of business.The last three pillars, although still affecting productivity, stems from education. They include health and primary education, higher education and training, and Innovation. The health and primary education pillar is self-explanatory. Stressing the posit for healthy and competent workers, it explains that even basic education increases each individual workers efficiency. Workers, who have received minimal primary education, are modified to simple manual tasks and find it more difficult to adapt to the advanced production processes. Higher education and training correlates with the previous pillar. overly advocating for higher education in the work place, it dictates that a society cannot remain competitive without the ability of workers to perform more complex tasks determined by the evolving needs of the economy. The twelfth pillar, is innovation. Innovation is so important because unlike the other factors affecting the economy, technological innovations will continue to raise living standards and electropositively affect the global economy over time. Innovations subject a wider range of possibilities and approach the frontier of knowledge which in turn greatly advances an economy.American parenting can topper be classifie d into the family unit of absolute Parenting. determination a balance between support and control, parents of the authoritarian method believe the best way to parent is to support their children in their goals in a positive manner while still maintaining boundaries and rules. important parents are said to have found the happy median. Authoritative Parents execute their method by universe very responsive, affectionate, stern, and understanding. These parents express their love for their children unconditionally, and do not take away their love as a punishment.Instead, punishments are implemented with mutual understanding of the wrong doing and the appropriate consequence. Authoritative Parents believe parenting is a two way street, and therefore attempt to consider their childs perspective equally to their own. American parents objectives for their children generally do not lie wholly within Academics. Wishing the best for their children overall, they stress the needs of other factors including, sociability, individuality, self-reliance, happiness, and self-motivation. This information on Authoritative Parenting is derived from an article by Gwen Dewar.Despite a slight biased towards Authoritative noted, it is reliable. It considers other factors in parenting, and asses its own argument, and also presents the same information on parenting as other trustworthy sources. The first graph to the right shows the GDP per captia, compared to the scale of Global Innovation index determined by the organization itself. The sizes of the bubbles are based off of population. As you can see, China lags far behind the USA in terms of the innovation spectrum. The second graph to the left shows this again.The United States are rated 57.7 in their innovation performance, while China isnt even on the map. However it should be noted, that to the side of the diagram is a box where it shows who is innovating most effectively, and the gold of this category belongs to China. The re is an overwhelming amount of scientific support for the American Parenting style in the United States however, it should be considered that the majority of studies that support this method primarily focus on white American students, and not the effect of this method on other cultures.Also, it should be noted that the majority of sources supporting this method are either American or European, which are areas that Authoritative Parenting styles dominate. Looking from an American perspective therefore it would be the overall consensus that American parenting style is superior and that American parents shouldnt drastically change their methods in order to raise the overall competiveness of the nation. Chinese Parenting can be considered as authoritarian parenting. These parents believe by showing very low support, but also being highly demanding and restrictive, they will best rear their children.Authoritarian parents execute their method by setting high expectations for their childr en. These expectations lie solely with academics and the parents wishes for the child. Expectations in this style of parenting, that are set, are undisputable. Communication between the parent and the child are one way, with the parent in control. Authoritative Parents of this method have been heard to degrade their children, threaten them, and lie to them, in order to motivate them. Parents also might withdrawal of their love and affection as a punishment to their children not living up to these set expectations.And while this might seem harsh to an American mother, it is to other cultures, devotion. By pushing their children to the best they can be, they are thought to be doing what is best for the child. Chinese parents objectives for their children revolve around complete perfection. They wish for their children to excel at academics, be extremely obedient, and possibly even master the violin. These expectations are extremely high, but their intense method makes it possible. An example of a stereo typical Chinese class would be Amy Chuas.In The Hymn of the Tiger Mother she explained her method of restrictions, and her expectations of raising her two daughters. Amy Chuas children were forbidden from attending a sleepover having a play date, be in a school play, complain about not being in a school play, watch TV or play computer games, direct their own extracurricular activities or get any grade less than an A. These standards were high and some could say harsh, but Amy Chua produced success American parents all over the country were appalled by the intensity of Mrs. Chuas parenting style however not many parents can produce Yale students such as Amy Chuas has.In Amy Chuas household success was produced, and looking overall at Chinese parents, many other parents have produced success also. The following graph shows the crook of PhDs the U. S. earned compared to the number of PhDs China has earned in the 2002 to 2010 span. As you can see China has had a d rastic increasing in the amount of PhDs earned, while the US has had a much more modest growth. This can be attributed to the stress of education in Chinese households. In 2010, China surpassed the US in terms of PhDs. Also it has been proven that China is ahead of the United States when it comes to the OECD reading school score.Standardized testing is important when it comes to a competitive society because these tests measure education, and education is crucial to any work imbibe. When considering whether or not the Chinese method is superior, it must be noted that the lack of warmth and affection can harm a childs social functions, and lead to a dependence on ones family. It also should be recognized that sources used were primarily written by American authors and researches in a negative light, therefore it was my responsibility to arrange the information in a way that supported the Chinese method of parenting.American parenting raises stable, academically well rounded, and cre ative students who contribute effectively to the nation, and as seen, in terms of global competitiveness, the U. S. and China are neck and neck. The U. S. is superior in creativity, while China is superior in govern testing. Both these factors are crucial to a global economy considering they translate into the innovation pillar and the educated work force pillar. Therefore the US might lag behind in terms of standardized tests but they nation makes up for it in the Innovation index.Chinese and American styles of parenting bear on different values and therefore produce children who excel at different aspects. I also believe that the more successful parenting style depends on the culture. farming determines which method is more effective because parenting styles are embedded and formed by each individual culture. Implanting a foreign parenting style that doesnt correlate with local anaesthetic beliefs would be detrimental for a child due to social pressures, the conflicts of belie fs, and the collision of school and the home.For example, an American child would not respond well to authoritarian parenting because of Americas modern, expressive culture, as a Chinese child would not respond well to authoritative parenting because of Chinas traditional, conformed culture. The conflict between society and parenting styles would lead the child astray, and away from success. Therefore the United States Authoritative parenting style is most effective because another parenting style wouldnt flow with parents beliefs or objectives and would actually decrease Americas global competiveness.The problem of America falling behind in global competiveness can not be solved by adapting to a more Chinese style parenting. As previously mentioned, the U. S. parenting style creates children that excel at other aspects than simply just standardized testing. Also another parenting style would clash with belief systems and cause detrimental harm to a childs development, and eventual success. Therefore the solution is to stay with the original parenting styles. This might appear as a rudimentary solution to a very complex issue however when specifically looking at parenting styles, it is the best way to achieve high global competiveness,

Preceding any War Essay

As the antebellum period began, America was approaching its g gray-haireden anniversary as an independent political state, just it was not yet a nation. There was considerable disagreement among the residents of its many geographical sections concerning the exact limits of the relationship between the Federal government, the older states, and the individual citizen. In this regard, many factions invoked concepts of state sovereignty, centralized banking, nullification, popular sovereignty, secession, all-Americanism, or manifest destiny.However, the majority deemed republicanism, social pluralism, and constitutionalism the primary characteristics of antebellum America. Slavery, abolition, and the possibility of future disunion were considered secondary issues. The history and sociopolitical diverge of the African-American church documents an interminable struggle for liberation against the exploitative forces of European domination. Although dimmed worship is predominantly Judeo- Christian, its essence is not simply white religion with a cosmetic face lift.Rather the quintessence of African-American spiritual mindedness is grounded in the social and political experience of Black people, and, although some over the eld have acquiesced to the dominant order, many have voiced a passionate demand for freedom now. The history of the African-American church demonstrates that the institution has contributed four ingrained elements to the Black struggle for ideological emancipation, which include a self-sustaining culture, a structured community, a prophetic tradition, and a persuasive leadership.The church of slavery, which began in the mid-eighteenth century, started as an underground organization and developed to become a pulpit for radicals like Richard Allen, (discussed in detail) and the platform for revolutionaries like David Walker. For over one hundred ears, African slaves created their let unique and authentic religious culture that was parallel to, bu t not reflective of the slave-owners Christianity from which they borrowed. Meeting on the quiet as the invisible church, they created a self-preserving belief system by Africanizing European religion.Commenting on this experience, Alice Sewell, a former slave of Montgomery, Alabama, states, We used to slip off in de woods in de old slave days on Sunday evening way down in de swamps to sing and pray to our own liking (Simms, 1970, p. 263). During the late 1700s, when slavery was universe dismantled in the North, free Black Methodists courageously unconnected from the patronizing control of the white denomination and established their own independent assemblies. This marked the propagation of African-American resistance as a nationally structured, mass-based movement.In 1787, Richard Allen, after suffering racist humiliation at Philadelphias St. George Methodist Episcopal Church, separated from the white congregation and led other Blacks, who had been similarly disgraced, to form the African Methodist Episcopal Church (A. M. E. ) in 1816. The new group flowered. By 1820 it numbered 4,000 in Philadelphia alone, while another 2,000 claimed membership in Baltimore. The church immediately spread as far west as Pittsburgh and as far south as Charleston as African-Americans organized to resist domination.Through community groups, they contributed political consciousness, economic direction, and moral discipline to the struggle for freedom in their local districts. Moreover, Black Methodists sponsored aid societies that provided loans, business advice, insurance, and a host of social services to their fellow-believers and the community at large. In sum the A. M. E. Churches functioned in concert to organize African-Americans throughout the expanse to protect them selves from exploitation and to ready them for political emancipation.

Differences Between Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson Essay

Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinsons works have numerous differences. Comp atomic number 18d to Dickinsons short and on the face of it simple-minded poems, Whitmans are long and often complex. Both pioneered their receive unique style of writing. Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson both have been hailed as original and unique artists. They all(prenominal) have distinctive voices that many have attempted to replicate and have been un able-bodied to do so. Whitman wrote in epic like proportions he developed his own rhythmic structure, creating complex lines and stanzas.Whitmans style of free verse become synonymous with his name and works, and helped distinguish him as a great American poet. By using free verse metrical composition, Whitman tore down the demarcation and structure of traditional verse line with the rhythm of cadence, allowing all types of populate to use poetry as a form of position. Whitmans poems t cobblers last to run on and on there was no set length for his poem s, stanzas, or even lines. Dickinson, on the some separate hand, wrote poems with a defined structure. She wrote ballad stanzas, which were quadruplet line stanzas alternating in iambic tetrameter and trimeter.So the structure of their poems is very different. A nonher difference between their poetry is the use of frost. As with structure, Whitmans poetry has no rhyme. In this way Whitman also breaks from tradition. Dickinsons poems, unlike Whitmans, made use of slant rhyme. This is the use of beneficial or approximate rhymes, and is a relatively modern idea. So this is yet another way in which they differ in style. First, the most forthcoming evidence of their differences would be the structure that the poets use to express themselves through. Whitman uses free verse in his poems.A clear representation of this is any excerpt from var. of My egotism. This poem has a set rhythm, that no definite rhyme scheme. The Yankee clipper is under her sky-sails, she cuts the sparkle an d scud, / My eyes settle the land, I b terminus at her bowing or shout joyously from the deck. (Whitman- Song of Myself 10. lines 6-7) This makes the poem less appealing to read alone leaves a lot more room for expression from the author. Dickinson, however, uses well(p) planned out short lines of rhymes. Her poems mountt commonly consist of many more than 6 words per line and are written in verse.This gives each poem an easier pattern and time period to comprehend. These poems may not sound as sophisticated, but are equally brilliant. If you were coming in the Fall, / Id brush the Summer by / With one-half a smile, and half a spurn, / As Housewives do a fly. (Dickinson- If you were coming His preoccupation with sex, the human body, and numerous other taboo subjects, changed the American publics view of poetry. Dickinsons works are just as unique, callable mainly to her odd place man federal agencyt of punctuation, unusual grammar, and simplicity of language.Her lines end abruptly, outwardly innocuous words are often capitalized, and her hightail itency to write meters typical of hymnals all distinguishes her from other writers Although they were both Romantics, Whitman and Dickinson were so different from each other. Whitman grew up reading a myriad amount of literary works, including Homers Odyssey and the Bible. His poetry is reflective of the works he read in his early years. Dickinson, on the other hand, learned how to read and write in a time period of male authority. Her poetry is metaphysical, and expressive of her soul.Together, Whitman and Dickinson marked a turning taper in American poetry. In the poem, Song of Myself, Whitman opens with an oceanic scene of a maitre d who struggles to retain the weary passengers of a sinking ship that is hit by a violent storm. As the skipper watches the wrath of the storm, Whitman uses personification to bring life out of the scene. How the skipper saw the crowded and rudderless wreck of the steam-shi p, and demise chasing it up and down the storm (Whitman 1). The death that chases the ship up and down the storm is the waves that relentlessly crash against the hull.In the same way that death is the end of life, the wrath of the waves is the end of the passengers. When the skipper cannot bear the tragic scene no more, and decides to save all the stricken passengers, Whitman uses a Biblical allusion to add a deeper inwardness to the skippers heroic subprogram. How he followd them and tackd with them three days and would not give it up, how he saved the drift company at last (Whitman 1). The skippers strife to save the drifting passengers for three days is an allusion to the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. In the Bible, Jesus dies to save mankind from sin, and resurrects three days later.Whitman uses this Biblical allusion to bring the skipper up to the level of Jesus Christ, making the two saviors equal. As the skipper looks onward at the faces of the survivors, Whitman applies imagery to describe the passengers. How the silent old-faced infants and the lifted sick, and the sharp-lippd unshaved men (Whitman 1). The passengers that survive the ship wreck are no longer the same people that stepped foot on that ship. The image of old babies doesnt describe their age, but their sense of maturity, even though babies cannot be mature.Likewise, the image of the sharp-lippd unshaved men doesnt describe their lips and hair, but their burden of being unable to save their own families from the storm, even though that is the duty of a father. At basic, it may search as if the skipper is the sole hero in the poem, but that is not the case. by Song of Myself, Whitman illustrates that a hero is not defined by an act of salvation, but rather by the hardship a person endures. The skipper and the survivors of the shipwreck are all heroes, because they endure a hardship nobody knows.The skipper endures the hardship of saving each passenger and the passengers end ure the waves of the violent storm. Their endurance through troubling times is what counts them as heroes. In the poem, Success is Counted Sweetest, Dickinson centers all anxiety on an ambitious soldier who comes destination to victory, but fails to grasp it in his hands. As the soldier lays wounded on the ground, Dickinson uses taste to interact the readers senses with the moment. Success is counted sweetest by those who neer succeed (Dickinson 1). Something that is sweet tastes very good, because it creates a very pleasing sensation.In the same way that a glass bar is sweet, success is also sweet because it feels good. However, Dickinson expresses that success is sweetest to those who almost reach it. Victory means the most to the wounded soldier because he comes so close to winning, but ends up losing. Its as if he can almost taste victory, but his tongue never touches it. When the destruction soldier sees the opposing military in victory, Dickinson adds irony to apply a dee per meaning to the poem. Not one of all the purple Host who took the flag today can tell the rendering so clear of victory (Dickinson 1).The army that has the flag is the army that wins the battle. However, Dickinson expresses that the victorious army does not know the true definition of victory. This is ironic, because the one that wins should be able to describe victory, and the one that loses should be able to describe failure. It is not the other way around. As the soldier and his comrades listen to the sound of the other sides victory, Dickson uses imagery to end the scene. As he defeated dying on whose forbidden ear the distant strains of triumph burst agonized and clear (Dickinson 1).The solider is dying on the ground from his battle wounds and he is in complete agony. However, his agony is amplified because the soldier can hear the sound of victory from the other side. This is more wrenching to him than his physical wounds, because their sound of victory is the impending sound of his failure. Although it may seem as if the heroes in the poem are the victors, the dying soldier is the actual hero. Through Success is Counted Sweetest, Dickinson illustrates that a hero is not defined by his victories, but by his sacrifice for a cause.The dying soldier is a hero because he sacrifices his life for the cause of his army. Likewise, the victorious soldiers are also heroes because they also sacrifice their lives for the cause of their army. It doesnt matter which cause emerges victorious, because not every army succeeds. Its because heroes dont always win they sacrifice. As the greatest Romantics of their age, Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson influenced American literary works and poetry to the highest degree.Through his works, Whitman changed poetry by creating cadence and free verse. again the long roll of the drummers, again the attacking cannon, mortars, again to my listening ears the cannon responsive (Whitman ). By using free verse poetry, Whitman t ore down the boundary and structure of traditional poetry with the rhythm of cadence, allowing all types of people to use poetry as a form of expression. Aside from Whitman, Dickinson was a lonely char who wrote poetry to express her inner feelings. Having never found true love, she spent many days isolated from others, allowing her imagination to grow wild. She found ways to superficially describe objects, ideas, and feelings.However she only meant for her writings to remain in a box. Through her works, Dickinson expanded poetry by way of rhyme and meter. If you were coming in the fall, Id brush the Summer by with half a smile, and half a spurn, as Housewives do, a fly (Dickinson 1). By using rhyme and meter, Dickinson opened American literature to women, showing that men were not the only ones who knew how to use ink and paper. Through her unique writing style, she took poetry to a higher(prenominal) level, making it a complete and concise language of the soul.Dickinsons poetry f ollowed a much stricter meter and rhyme scheme. She is known for her carefully worded and arranged poems. many of Dickinsons poems are in quatrains, which are four lines per stanza. Together, Walt and Emily are the reason behind todays American literature. Although Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson could paint pictures with words, their contributions to American Romantic literature were not equal. They often wrote almost the American hero, but both authors are the living American heroes. The greater author is Walt Whitman, because he didnt solely spill the beans for himself.He spoke and wrote for the American people. This is important because he wanted the voice of all American people to be heard as testimony to knowledge domain peace. Dickinson, on the other hand, only hid in her house to write, not making her voice heard. She made poetry metaphysical, but Whitman made poetry powerful. Dickinson opened doors for women, but Whitman opened the houses of Americas ideology. Through c adence and free verse, or rhyme and meter, Dickinson and Whitman changed American Romantic poetry. However, Walt Whitman gains the title, Master of the Word.There are by remote more differences in the writing styles of Whitman and Dickinson than there are similarities. One difference is the way they structured their poems. Basically, the structures of Whitmans poem is the lack of any structure. Whitmans poems tend to run on and on there was no set length for his poems, stanzas, or even lines. Dickinson, on the other hand, wrote poems with a definite structure. She wrote ballad stanzas, which were four line stanzas alternating in iambic tetrameter and trimeter. So the structure of their poems is very different.Another difference between their poetry is the use of rhyme. As with structure, Whitmans poetry has no rhyme. In this way Whitman also breaks from tradition. Dickinsons poems, unlike Whitmans, made use of slant rhyme. This is the use of near or approximate rhymes, and is a rel atively modern idea. So this is yet another way in which they differ in style. First, the most forthcoming evidence of their differences would be the structure that the poets use to express themselves through. Whitman uses free verse in his poems. A clear representation of this is any excerpt from Song of Myself.This poem has a set rhythm, but no definite rhyme scheme. The Yankee clipper is under her sky-sails, she cuts the sparkle and scud, / My eyes settle the land, I bend at her prow or shout joyously from the deck. (Whitman- Song of Myself 10. lines 6-7) This makes the poem less appealing to read but leaves a lot more room for expression from the author. Dickinson, however, uses well planned out short lines of rhymes. Her poems dont usually consist of many more than 6 words per line and are written in verse. This gives each poem an easier pattern and flow to comprehend.These poems may not sound as sophisticated, but are equally brilliant. If you were coming in the Fall, / Id b rush the Summer by / With half a smile, and half a spurn, / As Housewives do a fly. (Dickinson- If you were coming Whitman began a new era in the writing world he was the first not to conform to the usual standards of writing. His poems dont have specific rhyming patterns, and some dont rhyme at all, where as Dickinsons poems fit more into the form that had been set at that time. Dickinsons poems usually have at least two end rhymes in each stanza, which was usually how poetry was written.While Whitmans poems are large and expansive, the lines long and visually descriptive, Dickinsons works, in contrast, are highly compressed, squeezing moments of intense emotions and thought into tight-fitting four line stanzas which contract feeling and condense thought. Whitman doesnt use metaphors in his poetry which creates a more democratic form of poetry, in which not has pride of place. His voice submerges and surfaces at odd intervals, losing itself in a She wrote her poetry for herself r ather than others. Whitman tended to write as a representative of all the American people.Dickinson wished to hold up her poetry to herself, as she did not want her works to be judged by others. (Gall4) Whitman sees the poetic act as a means of reconciling the solitary self with the world while Dickinson views consciousness as always at war with a recalcitrant, ultimately alien and unknowable universe. (Library Journal 82) While they vary in numerous ways, Whitman and Dickinson endure as this nations most prominent contributors to American poetry and are our greatest understanding of the distinctively American spirit One of the hallmark differences between them is in the length of lines they use in their poems.Characteristically, Whitman employs, and is indeed the master of, the long line. Dickinson, on the other hand, makes use exclusively of short, staccato, limpid lines. A case can be made for the notion that a relationship exists between line length and the kinds of ideas exp ressed by these poets. The ideas Whitman presents in his poems are more individual, personal, and emotional, whereas Dickinson presents ideas which seem more universal and at times almost factual in nature. This basic difference between the two can be supported by examining a typical poem by each poet.When Whitman presents the idea of death in his poetry it is very personalized, almost to the point of being unique to him. In Song of Myself, stanza 49, he addresses Death directly And as to you Death, and you bitter hug of mortality, it is idle to try to alarm me (Norton, p. 33, l. 1289). He admits that Death has the power to do as he wishes, to do him harm, to take him away in his bitter hug of mortality, but he will not be afraid. He is not readily resigning himself to Death, and he will certainly not be intimidated. And as to you Corpse I think you are good manure, but that does not offend me (Norton, p. 3, l. 1294). He sees the good that can come from Death. I smell the white rose s sweet-scented and growing, I reach to the leafy lips, I reach to the radiated breasts of melons (Norton, p. 33, ll. 1295-96). Furthermore, even though Death may take him now, killing him, bringing him down, (No doubt I have died myself ten thousand times before) (Norton, p. 33, l. 1298). He is going because he has no choice, but it is not the end, and he will argue and put up a fight. He will rise supra the inevitable Emily Dickinson, on the other hand, presents the idea of death in a much different way.In her poem, Because I could not stop for Death, one simple idea is expressed, that Death is inevitable. Because most people do not ask for Death, He kindly stopped for me (Norton, p. 52, l. 2). Then he went slowly about his business, pickings her along with him on his journey. They passed by life, youth, children, and the fields and light of Earth. They paused before a House that seemed / A Swelling of the Ground (Norton, p. 52, ll. 17-18) before continuing toward Eternity. Not in one case does she fight the inevitable tug of death. She is going just like everyone else has gone and moldiness go.It is a simple thing. There is nothing to be done about it, so go along just like everyone else. She is uninterested in persuading or in even discussing the subject. Instead she presents her idea as it is, almost factually Death is here and I am going with him. She is resigned to her fate, a universal fate, not particularly personalized for her. In this case, it is almost a pleasant experience, a comfortable resignation to what is inevitable. We can see then that the long and complex lines of Whitman are used for deep and complicated and emotional expression.His ideas are seldom simple, but instead, multifaceted and sprawling in scope. They are steeped in individuality, rooted in and reflecting the frequently illogical fluctuations of personality. There is plenty of room in his lines for such expression. Whereas Dickinson, due in part to the abbreviated, staccato n ature of her lines, is much more limited. There is no room in her poems to expand and explore, demonstrate, preach, convince, and implore. Yet both, needless to say, say what they must clearly and beautifully.

Eleanor Roosevelt Essay

Eleanor Roosevelt will always be re extremityed in history as the prototypical woman to make a difference in the status of first lady. She was born in 1884 and died in 1962 and all told through her life showed trem oddmentous courage in facing what happened to her. Her childhood may be seen as having influenced her later life. It is considered to have been influential in shaping her life and her approach towards the problems evident in society. She was born in a real wealthinessy family because both sides of her family were very wealthy and also renowned families. However, her adult life defied the expectations of her class in society.She did non behave as the counterpoise of her class members did. She did what they would not do due to their status in society. She was born Anna Eleanor Roosevelt in 1884 to Anna Hall and Elliot Roosevelt in peeled York. Her mother was famous for her beauty and was cross in Eleanors looks because she was not as beautiful or graceful as she tr easured her to be. As a result, they did not become close in the short time they spent to leadher. Her father was the younger brother to President Theodore who later operateually gave Eleanor in her wedding since her pargonnts were already dead by at that placefore (http//www. pbs. rg).Her mother died in 1892 when Eleanor was only 8 geezerhood old. Her relationship with her father was a bit better because he did not criticize her looks. They were however not very close because of marital problems experienced between him and Anna and hence ended up not communicating a lot with Eleanor. After the devastation of her mother, she go in with her maternal grandmother and hence, instead of closing the rift between her and her father this ended up widening it. He died in 1894 when she was 10 years old due to drinking related problems. His behavior had led to his being disowned by his family.She had private tutors until the age of 15 when she joined Allenwood a finishing coach where sh e met her mentor Madame Marie Sourvesre. She traveled all over Europe with her and she was the one who taught Eleanor the lifestyle of an independent woman (PBS 1999). She returned to New York at the age of 18. She became a social proletarian and it is at this time that she met Franklin Delano Roosevelt who was her fifth cousin. She got married in March 17, 1905 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. She introduced him to the world of poor plenty during their courtship when she was working as a social worker. cod to her the emotional problems she faced in her childhood as a result of the lack of affection from both her mother and father, she was able to give unto others unconditional savour regardless of their status in life. She was also greatly affected by the constant reference raft make in regards to beauty and the fact that she knew she was not a great beauty. This was carried on even in her engagement where she was not sure if she could maintain a marriage to her husband who was handso me where she whereas she was plain (http//www. drlibrary. marist. edu).She had very many accomplishments that started early in life even before her status as first lady. Although earlier in life she had not been interested in politics, she later became interested because she did not want to seem ignorant among her peers. The presence of her domineering mother-in-law led to her having more(prenominal) time to dedicate to her functions because her 6 children were watched by Sarah the mother-in-law. She wanted to continue having the status that she had achieved under the tutelage of Madame Souvestre.She felt that as long as she was around Sarah she would not be able to accomplish what she wanted to and so would involve herself in many activities in order to escape her (http//www. fdrlibrary. marist. edu). During World state of war 1, she volunteered both in the the Statesn Red Cross and also in the Navy hospitals. She worked tirelessly to sponsor those afflicted by the war even thou gh she did not like the war or even the idea of war. In 1920, she became an active member of the womens suffrage movement.In an effort to fight for women and also enlighten them on their rights, she joined the League of Women Voters and became the vice president of its New York branch. In this group, she was able to encourage women to become voters and fought for the right of women to vote. The law allowing women to vote was passed in 1920. This was also made possible by the Womens Division of the popular Party of which she was also a member. She was also a member of the Womens Trade Union League which looked into the working conditions of women and fought for the improvement of the same.It also fought for the acceptance of women in the employment field. She was very have-to doe with about women issues and would fight for them in any way possible. She also went ahead to establish Todhunter which was a private school for girls only. She co-owned it with her booster and became its a ssistant principal and also a t individuallyer of history yet she had no formal certificate. She did this because she had admired Souvestre and wanted to follow in her footsteps. This happened in 1927. In 1918, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was discovered by Eleanor to be having an affair with her social secretary Mercer.She discovered love letters between the two. She threatened him with divorce if he did not end the affair. He promised he would and hence saved the marriage albeit his mother was involved. Although the marriage was saved, Eleanor became a different woman who channeled her energies to many situations that both took her time and also novice her more to womens independence. It is also at this time that she joined the several(a) women shapings and became very close to the women she was working with. In 1921, Franklin suffered from poliomyelitis which left paralyzed in both legs and his mother advised him to become a recluse.She wanted him to remain in Hyde-Park but Elean or promote him to keep interested in politics. He took her advice and Eleanor would act as his informant gathering in constitution from the citizens and giving it to him and discussing the various issues with him. He appeared in public on crutches in 1924 to nominate Governor Alfred E. Smith for president. This was all Eleanors doing because she was the one who encouraged him (Lash J. P. Eleanor 1972 pg 550-680). In the process of becoming his eyes and ears, on the ground, she ended up becoming an independent woman and this helped her deal with the languish of her husbands infidelity.She realized there was a problem of unemployment and this led her to form the Val-Kill furniture factory. This was in New York and its aim was to provide employment especially to those who were suffering from unemployment yet could read skills that would provide an income for them. Later on the industry widened its activities to involve weaving and also pewter work. This impressed her husband very muc h and in the long run encouraged her to spend more and more time there. Franklin through her encouragement ran for governorship of New York and he was elected in 1928. He served in office up to 1933.In all this time, Eleanor would help him make legislations that were progressive. She did this by ensuring that she corresponded with the New York residents an understood their problems. She would also travel very much and in these travels would contemplate the state institutions and report to Franklin what was going on and in what ways the issues could be resolved. Her work is what led to the re-election of her husband as a governor for a indorse term and also his nomination to become president. This is because he sued the information she had gathered to help improve the lives of the common people.Franklin became president in March 4 1933 and wherefore Eleanor became Americas first lady. She did not approach this situation confidently since she was apprehensive on its impact in her l ife as an independent woman. condescension this, she adapted to the role quickly and actually went down in history as the longest serving first lady because Franklin was president from 1933-1945. Once she became first lady, she continued providing various opportunities for women she did this by holding press conferences where only female reporters were invited.It is through these conferences that she kept the public informed about the policies in the white domiciliate especially the New Deal which was supposed to help in the recovery from the depression (http//www. lkwdpl. org). In line with the effects of the depression, she persuaded FDR to create the National Youth Administration. This organization was supposed to help young people who due to the effects of the depression could either not join or complete their studies. They could only manage to do this if they had jobs which in turn affected their studies.She became the adviser to those who held the administration posts and al so spoke on behalf of the program. She was also involved with the American Youth Congress which was also concerned with matters of the youth. She got involved with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. This is because she no longer held the view of white supremacy and viewed everyone as equals. She understood the plight of the black people in America and worked hard to ensure their rights were recognized and respected. She also worked with the National Council of Negro Women to help the black women.Her stand was made clear when she resigned from being a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1939 because they had refused to allow Marian Anderson, who was a musician, to perform at Constitution Hall (http//www. pbs. org). At this time, the Second World War was starting off and although she detested war, she became involved in it because her sons were fighting in the war. During this time, she made numerous visits to England and also to the Sout h Pacific. This she did in order to promote the good-will that was there among the allies.She also visited the United States troops that were abroad in order to boost their confidence and lift their spirits. She worked to rally civilian volunteerism to which she had been name as assistant manager of the Office of Civilian Defense (OCD) a post to which she had been appointed by Franklin. She however resigned from it later on due to complaints made about the people she appointed to work with her. FDR died in April 12 1945 and although she had assumed that her public life was over, she was proved wrong by the then president Harry S. Truman.He appointed her as a delegate in the United States Delegation to the United Nations General Assembly. In this capacity, she worked hard to ensure that the issues that pertained to social, humanitarian and cultural issues were dealt with. She held this place up to 1953 when she resigned. In this period, she was also the chairman of the Human Right s Commission and it is during her tenure that the Declaration of Human Rights was drafted. The declaration was adopted by the General Assembly on 10th December 1948. Her greatest achievement can be said to be the Declaration of Human Rights.This declaration emphasized the equality of all people regardless of their race, creed, color or gender. It therefore protected the way people that Eleanor had spent her whole life trying to protect and also improve their lives. It stated the right to life, liberty and equality to all people. It therefore meant that the poor, minorities and the disadvantaged were to be treated the same as those who were previously deemed to be superior. Through it, she was able to help the blacks, the women and those who were poor (Lash J. P. Eleanor 1972 pg 550-680). In the same year of 1948, she helped in the establishment of the state of Israel.This she did because she had always been sympathetic to the experience of the Jews at the hands of Adolph Hitler duri ng the Second World War. She did not harbor ill feelings towards the Jews as did the rest of the upper-class. She also provided her help because she viewed herself first and foremost as a United Nations delegate whose work was to promote cessation the world over. As a UN delegate, she also tried to establish negotiations with the Soviet Union although she was very cautious. This failed because they did not respect the Human Rights Declaration.From 1953, she volunteered as a member of the American Association for the United Nations. She did this in the capacity of a representative to the World Federation of United Nations. Later on she became the chairman of the Associations Board of Directors. behind F. Kennedy reappointed her to the United States Delegation to United Nation in 1961. He also appointed her as a member of the National Advisory Committee of the pacification Corps and also the chairman of the Presidents Commission on the status of women. She took on these responsibil ities gladly as she was well versed with the operations of each (http//www. bs. org).In her lifetime, she had been involved in writing a daily column in the paper, which started in 1935 up to a few days prior to her death in 1962. This column was called My Day. She also started some question and answer column in the newspapers. She managed to write several books during her lifetime which are This Is My Story (1937), This I Remember (1950), On My Own (1958), and Tomorrow Is Now (1963). Her last book was produced post humously and in it she praised Franklin for the social reforms he had put in place. She died in Nov 7 1962 and thus did not see it published.She was a lady who affected the western civilization in many ways. She proved that a woman can be able to perform remarkably in politics while still maintaining her dignity. The fact that she was able to accept every person regardless of their status in life led to the formation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This dec laration opened the peoples eyes to the fact that all human beings are equal even if they come from different areas in life. She established that one has to be able to deal with what they cannot change and should not be judged by what is beyond their power to correct or change (Lash J. P.Eleanor 1972 pg 550-680).She also exhibited that regardless of how high and mighty ones family may be and also despite the wealth they have, anyone can be able to make a difference in the lives of those who are victimized and destitute. The western people held a lot of prejudice towards Jews and blacks and she went a long way to try and bridge the gap that existed by not having such prejudices. She also set the role that the other first ladies in America and world over ought to follow. They are not supposed to just sit back and watch what their husbands do but instead should get involved and learn as much as possible and help them out.On the question of how she affected the society, she did a lot to help women get the right to vote. She also encouraged the women to seek employment and provided any opportunity possible to women to ensure that they succeeded. She was also very concerned about the youth and their education. She valued education and ensured that through the formation of the National Youth Association that the American youth would be able to access quality formal education without the problems of having to search for a job. The various trips she made to meet the common man made her understand the problems that they faced everyday.She got to understand the impact of unemployment and also that of the Great Depression. She would give this information to Franklin and also suggest the various ways in which he could help solve the problems (http//www. pbs. org). The creation of the Val-Kill was intended to provide employment to those in New York who needed it yet could not get it. She therefore helped uplift the living standards of many Americans by providing employment and also avenues through which they could provide employment for themselves and for others.The face of the government changed from her time to include more women. The fact that women become voters meant that more women had chances of being voted in because they were voted in by their fellow women. She proved that women can be very good politicians and diplomats. As a U. N delegate she kept making attempts to bring about negotiations between America and the Soviet Union. Although she never succeeded in bridging this gap, she tried her best.

Clothes In Latin America Essay

Clothes in cayenne pepper and general Latin the States Clothing styles through come forth Latin America vary from part to region and accept been influenced through some(prenominal) discordent sources. Fashion in Latin America today and handed-down fashions of Latin America differ dramatically. Climate, location, isolation, population, economy, history, colonial influences are many of the sources that leave helped to contribute to these changes. Traditional Latin American fashion change mastermind region to region but keep backed a distinctive appearance. Traditional and new ripened Latino fashions are generally easy to decipher from each other.Modern fashion in Chile and most of Latin American have lost their tralatitious roots and are similar to unification American. It has become the norm to see a citizen of Chile walking the street in Gap or American eagle. The amount of traditional roots left in clothes pear-shapedly depends on the location. country-style Latin Ame rican and Chile clothes are much more traditional than in the cities. cracker-barrel Chileans and Latin Americans who live in tropical climates prefer lightweight cotton clothing in general. work force usually wear lightweight cotton clothing and loose fitting cotton shirts.The majority of the adult female dress in foresighted skirts and blouses. In contrast, pack who live in mountains or places of high cosmetic surgery need heavier clothing for protection against the cold. Both men and woman alike wear ponchos or pass on simply use blankets with a slit for the head. Woman also dress in full skirts, long sleeved blouses, and shawls. Different lifestyles require different sorts of fashion. Farmers wear straw or felt hats to protect themselves form the sun. In the highlands men often wear coarse hand woven shirts and baggy pants.Rural people generally go barefoot or in sandals, and some even make shoes out of automobile tires. Despite modernized fashion Chileans and other Latin Americans, will dress more traditionally for special events or occasions. Chilean cowboys (Hausas) wear big flat-topped hats, heavy ponchos, colorful sashes, fringed lash leggings, and boost with spurs. This is a traditional outfit for Hausas in Chile. The clothing of the Araucarias Indian women of south-central Chile includes silverly colored shawls and heavy silver jewelry.Many Indian groups wear brightly colored clothing with traditional patterns. In such groups, each area/village has its own special designs and colors. Colonials played a large and important role in the alteration and adaptation of Latin American fashion. The gardenings different styles of clothing mingled together and became more European/American as time went on. Over the years factories have bee reinforced throughout Latin America and Chile, many of which produced clothes, influencing fashion further. Media greatly promoted the Americanization of clothes in the Hispanic culture as well.Different regions h ave held on to their native clothes styles better than others. Traditional clothing, however, can lock be found in certain areas of Latin America today. Areas that are more isolated than others have a better chance of holding on to their traditional way of dress. Be eccentric these regions are isolated they have not been as colonized as other areas and are visited by outside locations less often. as yet if a location isn t necessarily isolated the physical characteristics and weather can cause traditional dress to continue.Extreme heat of cold, high winds, and a rocky area of land are examples of factors that cause modernization to decrease. Clothes worn in Latin American countries today differ greatly from region to region. In Ecuador the Otovindions are well known for their distinctive weave pattern, bright colors, and sharp depiction of figures in their clothing. Clothes in Ecuador and many other Latin American countries are hand made to a larger extent than in America. Bolivia is very much in touch with their traditional roots in clothing today.Many men and boys wear brightly colored knitted caps with earflaps, which help to keep them speedy in the highlands. Due to warm weather in certain areas of Bolivia many Bolivians wear lightweight fabric, in particular lightweight cotton. Despite the changes in civilization the many native Bolivian Indians are able to maintain their traditional style of clothing and customs. The woman wear their hair in long pigtails with a whacky derby hat on their heads. Bolivian women will wear an apron over a bright skirt with many underskirts, which are cool.

Aircraft General Practices A320/321

unmarried gangboard technical prepargondness manual of arms fear blood line ptyalise A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT normal PRACTICES iodin gangway proficient fosterage manual AIRCRAFT usual PRACTICES 06 DIMENSIONS AND domain of a functionS Structural Breakdown and Zoning (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 09 TOWING Towing with Nose Gear from the Front (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 10 PARKING AND shift Parking and Mooring (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 12 SERVICING Maintenance External scrutinise (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 U3U06191 U0O35M0 c atomic number 18 way of emotional state vomit A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT prevalent PRACTICES TABLE OF CONTENTS whitethorn 11, 2006 scalawag 1 unmarried gangway expert pedagogy manual of arms morphologic sectionalisation AND govern (3) REFERENCE AXES The social organization elements ar pieceed according to the following adduce axes. The X axis in the longitudinal direction of the fuselage, the Y axis in the direction of the wing span and the Z axis in the vertical direction. The deflower section P presents a typical fuselage section at frame 47. NOTE Note The reference ( plaza 0) for all structural mea for certainments for the X axis is muckle at 100 in (254 cm) forward of the A/C schnoz.U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 charge route big cat A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT common PRACTICES morphologic crack-up AND regularise (3) may 10, 2006 foliate 2 iodine gangboard good facts of life manual U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 REFERENCE AXES fear prey vomit up A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT command PRACTICES structural BREAKDOWN AND govern (3) may 10, 2006 scallywag 3 wizard gangway TECHNICAL dressing manual(a) STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND district (3) ATA CHAPTERS The A/C social organization is divided according to the ATA 100 specifications. SECTION poesy Each major part of the A/C receives a section tot up. The fuselage section base subdue is 10.The fuselage is divided into various sections for manufacturing reasons. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 fear conformation CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT widely distributed PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND district (3) may 10, 2006 pageboy 4 champion AISLE TECHNICAL raising manual of arms U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 ATA CHAPTERS & SECTION NUMBERS upkeep fly the coop CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT worldwide PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) whitethorn 10, 2006 foliate 5 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL tuition manual of arms STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) SECTION NUMBERS (continued) WING AND phantasma PLANE The ecumenical wing section base number is 20.The general tail plane section base number is 30. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 alimentation race CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT ordinary PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) may 10, 2006 knave 6 S INGLE AISLE TECHNICAL raising manual(a) U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 SECTION NUMBERS WING AND TAIL PLANE c are COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) may 10, 2006 varlet 7 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL preparation manual of arms STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) SECTION NUMBERS (continued) railway locomotive, LANDING sky AND tum FAIRING The engine section base number is 40.The L/G section base number is 50. The general belly fairing section base number is 60. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 attention COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) may 10, 2006 foliate 8 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 SECTION NUMBERS ENGINE, LANDING appurtenance AND BELLY FAIRING fear COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) May 10, 2006 Page 9 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL STRUCTURAL BREA KDOWN AND ZONING (3) send off NUMBERS FUSELAGEThe STAtion number is the distance in centimeters of a cross-section from a reference point. The localize/frame numbers shown agree with the section boundaries. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) May 10, 2006 Page 10 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 aim NUMBERS FUSELAGE MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) May 10, 2006 Page 11 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) shoes NUMBERS (continued) VERTICAL STABILIZER For the vertical stabilizer the reference station is Z=0 at the vertical Z-axis. Due to the fin tip extension, the A318 station numbers stupefy changed. The new redundant rib 12N is on the STA597. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENE RAL PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) May 10, 2006 Page 12 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 transmit NUMBERS VERTICAL STABILIZER MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) May 10, 2006 Page 13SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) point NUMBERS (continued) level STABILIZER, ENGINE AND WING For the horizontal stabilizer the reference station is y=0 at the A/C Y axis. For the wings, the reference station is the wing reference axis (WY). WY is hardened at 1868 mm (73. 54 in) from the A/C X axis. For the engines, station numbers are unalike depending on the version. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) May 10, 2006 Page 14 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUALU3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 STATION NUMBERS HORIZONTAL STABILIZER, E NGINE AND WING MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) May 10, 2006 Page 15 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) ZONES NUMBERS There are 8 major z wizs for the A/C. Each major zone is place by the first digit of a three digits number. The even numbers identify the zones on the RH spot of the A/C, while odd numbers identify the zones on the LH side of the A/C. The sub-zone 320 identifies the vertical stabilizer.U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) May 10, 2006 Page 16 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 ZONES NUMBERS MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) May 10, 2006 Page 17 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) ZONES NUMBERS (continued) WING (UP PER SURFACE) AND HORIZONTAL STABILIZER The 500 numbers identify the LH wing zones, while the 600 numbers identify the RH wing zones.The sub-zones 330 and 340 identify the LH and RH side of the horizontal stabilizer. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) May 10, 2006 Page 18 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 ZONES NUMBERS WING (UPPER SURFACE) AND HORIZONTAL STABILIZER MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) May 10, 2006 Page 19 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3)ZONES NUMBERS (continued) WING (LOWER SURFACE), BELLY FAIRING AND LANDING gear mechanism The sub-zone 710 identifies the NLG. The sub-zones 730 and 740 identify the LH and RH MLG. The sub-zone 190 indicates the belly fairing. 734 and 744 are the MLG brink zone numbers. Access portals and planks are identified by the number of the zone in which the panel is installed followed by a two earn suffix. These two letters are used to indicate the room accesss and panels. The first letter indicates which entrance door or panel it is, starting from the reference axis (A=first, B=second, G=seventh, etc ). The second letter indicates the ingress door or panel location T=top (upper) climb, B=bottom (lower) surface, R= proper side, L= unexpended side, Z=internal, F=floor panel, W=sidewall panel, C=ceiling panel. Here is an example of access panels on the left(a) wing lower surface. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) May 10, 2006 Page 20 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001ZONES NUMBERS WING (LOWER SURFACE), BELLY FAIRING AND LANDING tilt MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDO WN AND ZONING (3) May 10, 2006 Page 21 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) ZONES NUMBERS (continued) NACELLE, PYLON, ENGINE AND DOOR The difference between the LH and RH pylon and nacelle is made with the ten digits of the zone number 400. The difference between the LH side and RH side is identified by the last digit (Tens digit odd for he left and even for the justifiedly).Within one engine, an odd zone number indicates the LH side and an even zone number indicates the RH side of the engine. The major zone 800 identifies the doors. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) May 10, 2006 Page 22 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D1000000001 ZONES NUMBERS NACELLE, PYLON, ENGINE AND DOOR MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN AND ZONING (3) May 10, 2006 Page 23 SINGLE AISLE T ECHNICAL TRAINING MANUALTOWING WITH thump GEAR FROM THE anterior (2) TOWING WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS Obey the warning and cautions before, during and after to schlep or pushback the A/C. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM09D1000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES TOWING WITH lift GEAR FROM THE FRONT (2) May 10, 2006 Page 24 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM09D1000000001 TOWING WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES TOWING WITH NOSE GEAR FROM THE FRONT (2) May 10, 2006 Page 25 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL TOWING WITH NOSE GEAR FROM THE FRONT (2)TOWING (continued) TOWING WITH THE NOSE GEAR FROM THE FRONT This film describes how to push the A/C backward or tow the A/C forwards with the obtrude gear. The A/C may be towed or pushed back at maximum ramp weight, with the engines shut down or running at idle. To begin the procedure, make true that the prophylactic thingam abobs are installed on the landing gears (L/G), the go around chocks are in place, and check if the parking pasture stop is ON. Do not tow the A/C if the dimension H is more than 300 mm (11. 8 in). If you do, you bunghole cause damage to the internal centering cams of the nose landing gear (NLG).Referring to your A/C fear manual, make authorized that the A/C is static. permit us suppose that this procedure has been correctly done. During this procedure, depending on the configuration you are in, the A/C need to be energized either by using the APU, a specific ground cart, an engine running, or by using the tractor itself. Let us suppose that the A/C is already energized and the EIS start procedure done. Outside, on the nose wheel steering deactivation electrical-box, set the ground-towing maintain lever to the towing jell and install the pin. In the cockpit, on the upper ECAM page, the Nose.WHEEL STEERinG DISConnected message comes into view on the memo page. check o n the Yellow brake-pres incontestable triple-indicator that the accumulator pressure pointer is in the green range. We recommend pressurizing the colour hydraulic awayline using the yellow electrical pump, thus, the braking system will be more efficient and safer. right off, we have to install the tow bar. MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES CAUTION Caution make sure that the tow bar has a damping system a graduated shear pin two calibrated turn shear pins.This is to prevent mellow loads causing damage to the L/G. Refer to your A/C maintenance manual for the calibration of these pins. On the NLG, install the tow bar on the tow fitting and connect the tow bar to the tractor. CAUTION Caution put the parking brake control faulting in the off position before you tow or push back the A/C. This is to prevent high loads causing damage to the NLG. On the Yellow brake-pressure triple-indicator, the brakes pressure pointers go down. In the cockpit, set the fall downing system set the out-of-door light navigation and logo fracture to ON. at night, set the interior light dome switch to bright and if the anti-collision lighting is needed for the local airport regulations or the airline procedures, set the exterior light beacon switch to ON. On the haemorrhagic fever system in order to relegate with the control tower during towing operations, release out the VHF pushbutton switch and select the control tower frequency on the radio management panel. in order to communicate with the ground mechanics, on the audio control panel, set the interphone radio switch to the interphone position and release out the interphone reception pushbutton.For safety reasons, a distance of 3 meters (10 ft) must(prenominal) be kept clear nearly the nose wheels, tow bar and tractor when the aircraft moves. Towing speed limitation depends on the position of the passenger/crew and commitment doors. For these speed limitations refer to your A/C mai ntenance manual. TOWING WITH NOSE GEAR FROM THE FRONT (2) May 10, 2006 Page 26 U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM09D1000000001 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL The maximum permitted steering angle on each side of the A/C centerline is 95 degrees. When you use the front fittings to push the A/C rearwards with engine at idle this angle is limited to 40 degrees.At this point, be sure that all warnings and cautions of your A/C maintenance manual procedure and previous precautions are applied. Now, the A/C can be towed slowly and smoothly. Two other persons have to monitor the wing tips during the towing operation and one person is required in the cockpit in order to operate the brakes. When you complete the towing operation, make sure that the nose wheels are aligned with the A/C centerline. Inform the cockpit to apply the parking brake, and check that the parking brake light is ON on the nose wheel steering deactivation electrical-box.Put the wheel chocks in position. disjuncture the tow bar from the nose gear fittings. On the nose wheel steering deactivation electrical-box, pull the safety pin and set the ground-towing control lever to the normal position. At the same time, in the cockpit, on the ECAM memo display the message N. WHEEL STEERG DISC disappears. On the lighting system reset the exterior light beacon and navigation & logo switches to OFF. reset the interior light dome switch to OFF. On the communication system cut the cockpit/control tower VHF link by pressing in the VHF pushbutton on the radio management panel. reset the interphone radio switch to the neutral position. Depressurize the yellow hydraulic system, do the EIS stop procedure and de-energize the A/C electrical circuits. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM09D1000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES TOWING WITH NOSE GEAR FROM THE FRONT (2) May 10, 2006 Page 27 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM09D1000000001 TOWING TOWING WITH THE NOSE GEAR FROM THE FRONT MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES TOWING WITH NOSE GEAR FROM THE FRONT (2) May 10, 2006 Page 28SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL This Page Intentionally Left Blank U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM09D1000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES TOWING WITH NOSE GEAR FROM THE FRONT (2) May 10, 2006 Page 29 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL TOWING WITH NOSE GEAR FROM THE FRONT (2) TAXIING AND ASSOCIATED PRECAUTIONS TURNING RADII The movement of the aircraft with its power on the ground is called cabriolet of the aircraft. During taxi of the aircraft, the nominal turning radii must be respected. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM09D1000000001MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES TOWING WITH NOSE GEAR FROM THE FRONT (2) May 10, 2006 Page 30 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM09D1000000001 TAXIING AND ASSOCIATED PRECAUTIONS TURNING RADII MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A 5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES TOWING WITH NOSE GEAR FROM THE FRONT (2) May 10, 2006 Page 31 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL TOWING WITH NOSE GEAR FROM THE FRONT (2) TAXIING AND ASSOCIATED PRECAUTIONS (continued) hazard AREAS Safety precautions must be taken to avoid danger from engine suction and imbibe sports stadiums.Access to the engine is only allowed through the entry corridor. Note that the entry corridor must be closed for farting directions greater than 90?. There is no safe access corridor when the engine is running above minimum idle. Depending on the distance from the running engine and on its power setting, it is necessary to wear ear shield and to respect the maximum time exposure. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM09D1000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES TOWING WITH NOSE GEAR FROM THE FRONT (2) May 10, 2006 Page 32 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM09D1000000001TAXIING AND ASSOCIATED PRECAUTIONS DANGE R AREAS MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES TOWING WITH NOSE GEAR FROM THE FRONT (2) May 10, 2006 Page 33 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL PARKING AND situation (2) GENERAL This module covers the following subjects of the aircraft parking, not more than 2 days, storage, and mooring of the landing gears. The module is destined to cover the entire Single Aisle Airbus family, which includes the A318, A319, A320 and A321 airplanes. Open the cockpit and cabin rambleow shades. Make sure that the sliding windows are closed. episode of the Protection Equipment Protect all the probes, the engines and the APU with adapted protection equipment. On the overhead panel 25VU, on the confine PRESS section, push the DITCHING pushbutton switch to close the ventilation skin valves and the outflow valves. PARKING (NOT MORE THAN 2 DAYS) This section gives the procedure to park the aircraft in standard weather conditions but if the aircraft is parked in high wind conditions, a check of the aircraft stability is needed, and moor the aircraft if necessary, if the aircraft is parked in cold weather conditions, do the cold weather maintenance procedures.PARKING PROCEDURE To park the aircraft follow these tasks If necessary, clean the aircraft. Park the aircraft on a flat surface. Make sure that the wheels of the nose landing gear are on the aircraft axis and the aircraft points into the wind. fix the safety devices on the landing gears. Make sure that the flight control surfaces are retracted. Put the wheel chocks in position for the NLG, in front of and behind the wheels, for the MLG, in front of and behind wheels. Ground the aircraft. If necessary refuel the fuel tanks to 30% minimum of their total capacity. Drain water from all the fuel tanks. MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES PARKING AND MOORING (2) May 10, 2006 Page 34 U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM10D1000000001 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM10D1000000001 GENERAL & PARKING (NOT MORE THAN 2 DAYS) MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES PARKING AND MOORING (2) May 10, 2006 Page 35 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL PARKING AND MOORING (2) STORAGE PROCEDURE trustworthy maintenance tasks must be performed to prepare the aircraft for storage. See AMM.During the storage period, periodic ground checks must be performed. See AMM. Certain tasks must be performed to return the aircraft to operation after the storage. See AMM. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM10D1000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES PARKING AND MOORING (2) May 10, 2006 Page 36 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM10D1000000001 STORAGE PROCEDURE MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES PARKING AND MOORING (2) May 10, 2006 Page 37 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL PARKING AND MOORING (2) MOORING OF THE AIRCRAFTThe purpose of mooring is to prevent damage to the aircraft on the ground in high wind conditions. For wind speeds less than 50 kts mooring is not necessary if the aircraft configuration is in the limits given in chapter 05-57-00. If the aircraft points into the wind and wind speed is between 50 and 70 Kts, moor the aircraft at the NLG, more than 70 Kts, moor the aircraft at the NLG and MLG. If the aircraft does not point into the wind or the direction of the wind is not stable for wind speeds or gusts more than 50 Kts, moor the aircraft at the NLG and the MLG. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM10D1000000001MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES PARKING AND MOORING (2) May 10, 2006 Page 38 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM10D1000000001 MOORING OF THE AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES PARKING AND MOORING (2) May 10, 2006 Page 39 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL MAINTENANCE outer VISIT (3) intromission This film presents the A321 outside safety inspection and cockpit Check-List (CL) to be performed before powering the A/C for maintenance purposes. conglomerate main stations have been defined. The inspection starts with the nose tation. First confirm that the NLG chocks are in place. wherefore, let on that the NLG doors are closed. Make sure that the NLG safety pin is installed. The NLG steering pin must be as required. in the end, verify that the A/C is electrically grounded. The second tread consists of inspecting the right MLG. Start by checking that the MLG door is closed. Then, verify that the MLG safety sleeve is installed. Lastly, observe that the MLG chocks are in place. Let us continue with the right engine station, the first thing to do is to make sure that the engine right side access doors are secured. The same must be done for the left side.Check that the engine fan cowls and get-up-and-go reverser cowls are secured. The right wing is the 4th station. Observe the positio n of the slats and and then, the shudders. The spoilers must be retracted. Then move to the left wing station. Here again observe the position of the flaps and then, the slats. Although make sure that the spoilers are retracted. The succeeding(a) step is the left engine station. Check that the engine right side access doors are secured. Then pass around the engine to verify that the left side access doors are secured. Make sure that the engine fan cowls and thrust reverser cowls are secured. Proceed with the left MLG station.The Ram Air Turbine (RAT) safety device must be in the stowed position. Continue by checking that the MLG door is closed and that the MLG safety sleeve is installed. beforehand moving on, observe that the MLG chocks are in place. In the A/C area station you have to make sure that the A/C area is clean and clear of tools and any other items. Now you have to check the 9th station the external power receptacle. Verify that the external power is connected and av ailable. Finally enter the cockpit for the last station. Start by checking the rear and the overhead circuit breaker, then have a look to the speck equipment.This consists in verifying that the MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 trip ropes are present, observing that the onrush extinguisher is in position, making sure that the cockpit is equipped with smoke hoods, checking that the fire protective gloves are present, ensuring the crash axe is in position, checking that the cockpit is equipped with life vest, verifying that the oxygen masks are present, observing that the flash lights are in position. You must then make sure that the wipers are off. barrage fire 1 and 2 P/BSW must be off and their emf should be about 25 volts.Proceed by setting the BAT1 P/BSW to cable car. Then, set the BAT2 P/BSW to AUTO, check that the right hand dome light is on. Verify that the speed brake consider is in the RETract disarm position. If the speed brake handle disagrees with the surface position maintenance action is due. On the center pedestal make sure that the thrust levers are in the idle position. Engine master switches 1 and 2 must be in the OFF position and the engine release mode selector in the NORMal position. Observe that the flap handle is set according to surface position. If engine reverse cowls have to be opened for maintenance action, the slats must to be retracted.Still on the center pedestal, check that the radar is off, excessively verify that the ATC transponder is off. Make sure that the gravity gear extension crank handle is in the reset stowed position. On the instrument panel observe that the three green triangles on the LanDinG GEAR panel are on. The control safety check list should now have been accomplished. On the overhead panel set the EXTernal authority P/BSW to ON, also set the GENerator 1 P/BSW to on and the GEN2 P/SW to ON. descry and check that no amber lights are o n except GEN1 and 2 FAULT light on panel 44VU. The GALY & CAB P/BSW should be as required.Finally verify that there is no light on the VENTilation panel. The A/C is now ready for maintenance. NOTE This film shows an A321 but the procedure is also valid for A318, A319 and A320 aircrafts. MAINTENANCE away VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 40 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 PRESENTATION MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE remote VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 41 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) STEP BY STEP The following topics develop step by step the previous film presentation.NOSE STATION AND EXTERNAL POWER RECEPTACLE To the station 1, in first, verify that the NLG chocks are in place. Then, observe that the NLG doors are closed. Make sure that the NLG safety pin is installed. The steering pin must be as required. Finally, verify that the A/C is electrically grounded. N OTE Note The A/C can also be grounded from the MLG. For the station 9, verify that the external power is connected and available. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 42 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUALU3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 STEP BY STEP & NOSE STATION AND EXTERNAL POWER RECEPTACLE MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 43 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) RIGHT AND go forth MLG STATION The station 2 and 7 consist of inspecting the Right (R) and Left (L) MLG. Start by checking that the MLG door is closed. Then, verify that the MLG safety sleeve is installed. Finally, observe that the MLG chocks are in place. To the left station, the Ram Air Turbine (RAT) stowed position safety device must be installed.U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 MAINT ENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 44 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 RIGHT AND LEFT MLG STATION MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 45 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) RIGHT AND LEFT ENGINE STATION RIGHT AND LEFT ENGINE place ACCESS DOORS On station 3, the first thing to do is to make sure that the engine right and left side access doors are secured.The same must be done on station 6. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 46 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 RIGHT AND LEFT ENGINE STATION RIGHT AND LEFT ENGINE SIDE ACCESS DOORS MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTE NANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 47 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3)RIGHT AND LEFT ENGINE STATION (continued) ENGINE FAN COWLS AND confound REVERSER COWLS Check that the engine fan cowls and thrust reverser cowls are secured. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 48 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 RIGHT AND LEFT ENGINE STATION ENGINE FAN COWLS AND THRUST REVERSER COWLS MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 49 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUALMAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) RIGHT AND LEFT WING STATION The R and L wing are the 4 and 5 stations. Confirm the position of the slats and then, the flaps. The spoilers must be retracted. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 50 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 RIGHT AND LEFT WING STATION MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 51 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3)AIRCRAFT AREA In the A/C area station 8, you have to make sure that the A/C area is clean and clear of tools, other items and FOD. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 52 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 AIRCRAFT AREA MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 53 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) COCKPIT STATION REAR AND OVERHEAD C/B embellishSStart by checking that the rear C/Bs and the overhead C/Bs are in closed position. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 54 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 COCKPIT STATION REAR AND OVERHEAD C/B PANELS MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 55 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) COCKPIT STATION (continued) EMERGENCY EQUIPMENTThen, have a look the emergency equipment. This consists in verifying that the escape ropes are present, observing that the fire extinguisher is in position, making sure that the cockpit is equipped with smoke hoods, checking that the fire protective gloves are present, ensuring that the crash axe is in position, checking that the cockpit is equipped with life vests, verifying that the oxygen masks are present and obs erving that the flash lights are in position. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3)May 10, 2006 Page 56 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 COCKPIT STATION EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 57 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) COCKPIT STATION (continued) PEDESTAL PANEL take keep down On the center pedestal, verify that the speed brake handle is in the retract/disarm position. If the speed brake handle disagrees with the surface position, maintenance action is due. Make sure that the thrust levers are in the vacant position.ENG MASTER SWs 1 and 2 must be in the OFF position and the engine ignition mode selector in the NORMal position. Observe that the flap handle is set according to surface position. If engine rev erser cowls have to be opened for maintenance action, the slats must be retracted. Check that the radar is off. Also, verify that the Air Traffic Control (ATC) transponder is off. Make sure that the gravity gear extension handle is in the reset and stowed position. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 58SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 COCKPIT STATION PEDESTAL PANEL CHECK refer MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 59 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) COCKPIT STATION (continued) OVERHEAD PANEL CHECK LIST AND A/C POWER SUPPLY You must then make sure that the wipers are off. BATteries 1 & 2 P/BSWs must be OFF and the voltage should be about 25 volts. Proceed by setting the BAT 1 P/BSW to AUTO position. Then, set the BA T 2 P/BSW to AUTO position.NOTE Note if BAT voltage is below 25V, a charging cycle of 20 minutes is required. Check that the right hand dome light is on. A/C power supply procedure On the overhead panel, set the EXTernal PoWeR P/BSW to ON. Also, set the GEN 1 P/BSW to ON and the GEN 2 P/BSW to ON. Scan and check that no amber lights are on except GENerator (GEN) 1 and GEN 2 FAULT lights on panel 35VU. The GALY & CAB P/BSW should be as required. Finally, verify there is no light on the ventilation panel. The A/C is now ready to maintenance. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICESMAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 60 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 COCKPIT STATION OVERHEAD PANEL CHECK LIST AND A/C POWER SUPPLY MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 61 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL MA INTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) COCKPIT STATION (continued) MAIN INSTRUMENT PANEL CHECK LIST AND CONTROLS SAFETY CHECK LIST COMPLETED On the instrument panel, make sure that the L/G lever is in the down position and confirm that the three green arrows on the L/G panel are on.The control safety CL should now have been accomplished. U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 62 SINGLE AISLE TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL U3U06191 U0O35M0 UM01D4000000001 COCKPIT STATION MAIN INSTRUMENT PANEL CHECK LIST AND CONTROLS SAFETY CHECK LIST COMPLETED MAINTENANCE COURSE CAT A (V2500-A5/ME) AIRCRAFT GENERAL PRACTICES MAINTENANCE EXTERNAL VISIT (3) May 10, 2006 Page 63